Development of U.S Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development of U.S - Term Paper Example Hamilton suggested that, as the government did not have the money available to buy the stock, it could be loaned to the government by the bank itself. However, Jefferson rejected the idea on the basis that it would be unconstitutional, since the government did not have the right to form corporations. This issues represented the idea of loose against strict construction of the constitution. Jefferson’s argument was based around the argument that any action not enshrined in the constitution as therefore automatically unconstitutional. Hamilton, on the other hand, took a more fluid view of the constitution, arguing that the government holds the power to take any action which is not specifically banned by the constitution. This view takes into account changes in society since the writing of the constitution. In order to set up a regular source of income for the government, Hamilton also set up the Tariff. This not only had the effect of increasing government revenue but also of protecting manufacturing in the U.S. It was therefore significant as a protectionist policy. This was to create a rift within the Federalists. Meanwhile, the issue of national debt, first exemplified in the establishment of the National Bank, was creating more tension between Hamilton and Jefferson. Jefferson strongly believed that public debt and government borrowing was a curse because it would place a serious financial strain on future tax payers. Indeed, he wished to see the constitution amended to remove the ability of the government to borrow. Hamilton, on the other hand, believed that public debt could be a useful tool. He aimed to use the money generated through the tariff to offset the extremely high debt inherited from the old government by reissuing bonds. He also wanted state debt to be assumed by the government, in order to further benefit from tariff revenue which was federal. The tariff, however, was

A comparison of the environmental effects of using nuclear energy and Essay

A comparison of the environmental effects of using nuclear energy and coal energy - Essay Example A comparison of the environmental effects of using nuclear energy and coal energy Since the year 1974, there has been no new ground breaking for setting up new nuclear power plants although a number of nuclear reactor units have been constructed at these plants. However, there has recently been a revival of interest in nuclear energy and this new interest has largely been fostered by the Nuclear Power 2010 Program, which was established in the year 2000. There has been an increase in the number of nuclear reactors being constructed since 2010 in existing power plants, such as the one at Watts Bar, Tennessee. In spite of the resurgence of interest in nuclear energy, most of the projects, which have been set up for the construction of nuclear reactors have been recently cancelled. This is mainly due to the economic challenges that are currently gripping the nation as well as the negative reaction that came in the wake of the recent nuclear accidents in Japan. Officials in the nuclear industry state that they only expect about five new nuclear reactors to be working in the next eight years because of the hindrances, which have made most of their projects to stall. Since the beginning of its usage, there has been a lot of debate about the use of nuclear power in the United States and this has recently intensified due to talk of a coming renaissance in the use of nuclear energy (Terzo 1). Some of the most hotly debated issues concerning the use of nuclear energy have been matters concerning the public safety.

Role of the Jury in the English Legal System

Role of the Jury in the English Legal System The jury trial is considered to be one of the most controversial elements of the justice system in the UK. The practice of trial by jury has shown over the years to have many disadvantages that which causes concern to society and must be reconsidered by Parliament. The key issues that have arisen of the years relating to the use of juries are a) the experience and intellect of the jurors making judgements in complex cases; b) the expensiveness and longevity of jury trials; and C) the fairness of jury selection. This essay shall try to critically analyse the role of the jury within the English legal system and explain why the jury trial should no longer play a part in the criminal and civil justice systems of the United Kingdom. Trial by jury was first introduced into the justice system in the twelfth century, however it was not a guarantee until many years later, when a clause within the Magna Carta stated that no free man shall be taken or imprisonedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land[1]. The role of the jury has since evolved from the medieval times and was completely formed in the 18th century into what it is today[2], with modern juries playing a vital role in assessing the facts of the case and, in the case of a criminal trial, determining whether the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt, or in the case of a civil trial, deciding whether the claimant has the right to damages on the balance of probabilities. Towards the end of the 1900s, public attention started to be drawn towards problems arising with jury reliability, selection, experience, and bias. The Criminal Courts Review by Lord Justice Auld in 2001 was a crucial argument in the discussions concerning jury trials. Auld goes on to say that support for the jury system is not universal, especially among those who have been jurors.[3] This suggests that there is a considerable amount of negative opinion among former juror members about the jury system. The main drawbacks presented within this report were a) lack of experienced jurors who represent different social layers, b) poor ethnic minority representation, and c) the game character of the trial process, where the truth is not as important as victory.[4] The Criminal Justice Act 2003 did however alter the jury system and selection process by stating that a) if the judge ruling the case is satisfied, certain fraud cases and cases where a danger of jury tampering existed are not t o be tried by a jury; and b) the jury selection system had to be improved in order to provide more experienced and unbiased people representing different social groups and ethnic minorities.[5] Statistics have shown that jury trials are actually very rare. Only one in every hundred criminal trials are actually tried by jurors due to restrictions on the use of jury trials.[6] But it is not only the restrictions imposed that make access to jury trial very complicated. What also makes it complicated is the extortionate amount of money and long periods of time that must be put into each case, which puts jury trials at a disadvantage. These problems can make it extremely inconvenient and draining for both the defendant and, in particular, the members of the jury as they will have to spend a lot of their time getting through the necessary procedures and partaking in the actual trial. Jury trials can last from a couple days to many weeks, even months. During that period, members can be on a jury for more than one trial during their service.[7] In one instance, a juror failed to turn up for a trial as she found it really boring, resulting in the trial being suspended before continu ing with 11 jurors.[8] This suggests that sitting on a jury is not what is hyped up to be, and that the negatives vastly outweigh the positives of sitting on a jury. The qualification rules for jury selection has also been often criticised. According to the Juries Act 1974[9], the criteria to serving on a jury are: 1) the person should be registered as a parliamentary or local elector; 2) the person should not be less than 18 and no more than 65 years old; 3) the jury should have been ordinarily resident in the UK for a period of at least five years since his or her 13th birthday. The criterion set out in the Act is quite narrow and should be broadened in order to ensure better quality of juries. Ineligible persons include past and present members of the judiciary, other people who have been concerned with the administration of justice, the clergy and mentally ill people. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 also disqualifies individuals who have served a custodial sentence within the past ten years, received a lifetime custodial sentence, or are released on bail and awaiting trial at the time the jury is summoned.[10] However the issue is not in relati on to the qualification of jurors, but the mere fact that jurors are subject to human error. As the selection criteria is very narrow, there will be individuals who are well educated as well as not; some who are very responsible and some who are not; and individuals who are wanting get gain a better understanding of the case while others just wanting to get home as soon as possible. In the case of R v Litchfield,[11]it was up to the jury to decide whether or not negligence was gross negligence. As a result, the jurys verdict was confused and instructions from the judge had to be restated. It is clear to say that members of the jury in this case were either not educated well enough or had no experience at all in dealing a complex judgement, which is presumably the case with all jurors.[12] Many jurors do encounter problems that are far beyond their training and experience, as the lack of legal knowledge allows prosecutors to easily sway jurors to believe their assertions. But not only are jurors unskilled and inexperienced, they often disregard logic presented by the lawyers because of their prejudices, past experience, or moral sentiment. Some jurors may even follow the majority and make the same verdict as the stronger personalities. But the main problem is that, as jurors do not usually know the law and legal procedures, they are often unable to understand complex evidence or to assess the reliability of a witness or evidence. A research study by Matthews, Hancock and Briggs[13] shows that jurors fees very enthusiastic about their role in the trial process, however one third of jurors feel that it is inconvenient. The report also shows that well-educated skilled people and professionals are under-represented as only skilled manual workers and unskilled workers have enough time to be part of longer trials. From this, it is clearly obvious that the education level of many jurors is comparatively low. Approximately 60% of the respondents were confused and had difficulties while listening to evidence and following instructions. Furthermore, about 30% of jurors face a language barrier and would need a translator. Having a translator would make the evidence unclear as translations are not always presented in the right way. The study also shows that a third of jurors are uncomfortable being in a courtroom, but also 90% of jurors are satisfied with being a member of the jury and realise he meaning and importance of the role. Additionally, 30% of jurors are not well educated (do not have a degree) and 40% of people have no knowledge of the court process. These statistics are an indication that jury selection must vastly improve. All these issues can be ratified by giving jurors more detailed instructions before trial starts and balancing the number of people with different education levels. Cheryl Thomas states in her research that there are serious race disproportions in the jury structure and ethnic minorities are truly under-represented.[14] Thomas also agrees that instruction need to be more clear, simpler and broad as many jurors claim they have faced difficulties when studying such instructions. However, she also goes on to report that some of the problems concerning race stereotypes within the jury system are highly exaggerated, and have found no proof that white jurors are likely to be biased and make unfair verdicts. With that in mind, remedies must be made to ensure that it is a fair selection and that individuals from all backgrounds are represented in a jury trials. In 2007, the Ministry of Justice published the findings of the Jury Diversity Project[15] which revealed that most defendants in Crown Courts outside of London will be tried by an all-white jury. The role of the jury in the English legal system remains a controversial part of the judicial system. Complications have arisen by issues of jury selection; costs and longevity of each trials; and the experience and intellect of jury members summoned to partake as a jury member. With many sources proving that a) jurors lack the required intellect and experience to handle complex trials and make fair judgements; b) individuals from all backgrounds, especially ethnic minorities, are under-represented; and c) the length of time for jury selection and trial being too long for an individual to handle suggests that the whole process of jury trials need to be reconsidered. A number of former jurors tend to have more of a negative opinion on the use of juries due to the fact that they did not know much about the law, instructions were not given clearly, they could not tell whether to disregard a piece of evidence or not, along with many other issues. However while juries have been an integra l part of the judicial system and being assessed by ones peers and not by the judiciary seems fair, non-jury trials have had the least amount of criticism. It is clear to see that jury trials should no longer be a part of the legal system of England and Wales and that all aspects of a trial including analysing the facts of the case as well as the application of the law should only be the responsibility of the judiciary. Bibliography Cases R v Litchfield [2008] AC 507 (HL)] Legislations Criminal Justice Act 2003 Juries Act 1974 Books Cairns J and McLeod G, The Dearest Birthright of the People of England: The Jury in the History of the Common Law (1st edn, Hart publishing, 2002) Davies M, Croall H and Tyrer J, Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales (3rd edn, Pearson-Longman 2010) Gibson B, Criminal Justice Act: The Statute (1st edn, Waterside Press 2005) Gary Slapper and Kelly David, The English Legal System (8th edn, Routledge-Cavendish 2006) Articles JER Stephens, The Growth of Trial by Jury in England (1896) 10 HLR 150, 155 Michael Zander QC, Lord Justice Aulds Review of the Criminal Courts: A Response (2001)   UK Government Jury Service accessed 30 December 2016 Huddersfield Examiner Juror in Leeds court because she found trial boring Huddersfield Daily Examiner (Huddersfield, 21 February 2012) Linda Woolhether The Disadvantages of the Jury System accessed 2nd January 2017 Roger Matthews, Lynn Hancock and Daniel Briggs, Jurors perceptions, understanding, confidence and satisfaction in the jury system: a study in six courts (Home Office, May 2004) accessed 3 January 2017 Cheryl Thomas Are juries fair? (Ministry of Justice, February 2010) accessed 3 January 2017 Cheryl Thomas Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System (Ministry of Justice, June 2007) accessed 4 January 2017 [1] JER Stephens, The Growth of Trial by Jury in England (1896) 10 HLR 150, 155 [2] John Cairns and Grant McLeod, The Dearest Birthright of the People of England: The Jury in the History of the Common Law (1st edn, Hart publishing, 2002) [3] Michael Zander QC, Lord Justice Aulds Review of the Criminal Courts: A Response (2001)   [4] Malcom Davies, Hazel Croall and Jane Tyrer, Criminal Justice: An Introduction to the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales (3rd edn, Pearson-Longman 2010) [5] Bryan Gibson, Criminal Justice Act: The Statute (1st edn, Waterside Press 2005) [6] Gary Slapper and Kelly David, The English Legal System (8th edn, Routledge-Cavendish 2006) [7] UK Government Jury Service accessed 30 December 2016 [8] Huddersfield Examiner Juror in Leeds court because she found trial boring Huddersfield Daily Examiner (Huddersfield, 21 February 2012) [9] Juries Act 1974 [10] Criminal Justice Act 2003 [11] [2008] AC 507 (HL) [12] Linda Woolhether The Disadvantages of the Jury System accessed 2nd January 2017 [13] Roger Matthews, Lynn Hancock and Daniel Briggs, Jurors perceptions, understanding, confidence and satisfaction in the jury system: a study in six courts (Home Office, May 2004) accessed 3 January 2017 [14] Cheryl Thomas Are juries fair? (Ministry of Justice, February 2010) accessed 3 January 2017 [15] Cheryl Thomas Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System (Ministry of Justice, June 2007) accessed 4 January 2017

Searching for the Location of Creativity :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Searching for the Location of Creativity What causes an artist to feel so passionate about his work? What leads the artist in his choice of an outlet for his creativity? What is it that inspires the artist? Is it possible that all of this is formed completely in the artists mind? Is it the case that the "gift" of creativity and genius is given to some individuals and not others, or is the gift of creativity merely the plague of a mental disorder? Do these artists even have anything in common? Whitman tends to believe that someone does have something in common with him. This is best demonstrated through his poem "Among the Multitude." Among the men and women the multitude, I perceive one picking me out by secret and divine signs, Acknowledging none else, not parent, wife, husband, brother, child, Any nearer than I am, Some are baffled, but that one is not – that one knows me. Ah lover and perfect equal , I meant that you should discover me so by faint indirections, And I when I meet you mean to discover you by the like in you. Here Whitman demonstrates a similarity between people because of some common ground. Although this poem is meant to express a hidden love between a man and a woman, the idea of a common ground work between people can be positioned between artists. In this work Whitman is saying that people with this tie between them know that it is there and can recognize it in an instant. Great artists with a creative nature share a passion for their art as well as a unique way of expressing it. Where does this passion and ability for unique expression come from? There seems to be a myth encompassing the artists with "madness." Could it be that this genius is only the result of a mental disorder? Diana Applegate seems to have explored this in her paper "Toward a Neurobiology of Creativity? Making Connections Between Art, Manic-Depressive Illness, and the Frontotemporal Dementia." She uses Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison’s book, Touched With Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament, as a main resource. Her final conclusion from this is that, "Jamison's book does not provide us with any answers, but it raises several new and interesting questions. If the behavioral characteristics of the creative process are similar to those of a genetic, neurobiologically-related disorder, then it is conceivable that creativity arises from the interaction of certain neurons in the brain.

Benjamin R. Barber’s “America Skips School” Essay

The scary truth behind Benjamin R. Barber’s â€Å"America Skips School† is shocking. In an attempt to change society, Barber informs us of the hopeless struggle many indignant youths are facing today, and where they will end up tomorrow. He also stresses the responsibility of teachers and how important their roles are, not only for the future of their students but for the future of the nation as well. The stories are real and Americans should quit ignoring the truth and finally make an effort to end the struggle that their predecessors cannot ignore. Our children need us to moderator them by improving education such as raising teachers’ salaries, extending the school year to year-around, or more importantly just taking responsibility. Logically speaking, parents entrust their children’s teachers a role they, the parents, were not trained for. Realistically, not only do teachers baby-sit many of their students, they are weighed down with responsibilities no lawyer or engineer will have to endure. Family and friends and teachers will influence the path a youth takes in life. He provides the fuel (determination) and the directions (knowledge) so the student can reach his destination. According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook 2002-03 Edition, preparing students for the future workforce is the major stimulus generating the changes in education, and teachers provide the tools and environment for their students to develop these skills. These are the kinds of teachers we are looking for, but if we want more highly certified teachers, then there must be a change in the rate of pay because higher salaries lead to more applicants, and more applicants mean more quality teachers. During the summer vacation, most students began to either forget what they’ve learned or how to apply it, that is until school starts up again. But as the level of difficulty gets harder, this process will not work as efficiently. Having an all year-around school gives teachers more time to teach and more time for students to absorb what is being taught. When teachers spend individual time tutoring students it is less likely for those students to fail the course. Of course there is summer school, but in many cases the fee for class during the summer is costly for students who attend  inner-city schools. In today’s society, the majority of families have both adults away from the home while the children are left alone. While the kids are at school, they have the teachers to accompany them, but when they come home, and mom and dad are not there to regulate their activities, then the house is no longer a home but merely a place to come and go. A good connection between the parent and child usually keeps a healthy environment around the house, but outside the house scenarios change as well as the people the child is associating with. It’s another role of the parent to know where his child is at, at all times, who his child’s friends are, and to set a time as to when the kid most come home. Finally, the parent and child should get together and set a schedule up weekly that involves plenty of studying time, playtime and communication within the family. No matter what arguments arise either within the school or home, our children need us. Many kids have to be forced to their studies or to participate in class because they do not think as far ahead in the future as we, the parents and teachers, do. Higher salaries for teachers will lead to a better, qualified faculty, extended school to year-around will theoretically give more time for students to learn and absorb what is being taught in school, and the role of the parents to provide  their child the love and attention he needs as a guide in his road to success, are all of which Barber has emphasized as being important to a better academic system. We have yearned for a system that would work, but we just were not committed enough to do something about it. So until we do something about it, our children, America’s future, will continue to drown in this fast, growing society.

Education in Britain Essay

?Each child in England at the first school term after their third birthday, is entitled to 15 hours per week free childcare funding. This entitlement is funded by the government through the local council. The Early Learning Goals cover the main areas of education without being subject driven. These areas include Personal, social and emotional development (prime area) Communication and Language (prime area) Physical education (prime area) Literacy (specific area) Mathematics (specific area) Understanding the World (specific area). Expressive Art & Design (specific area) Until the mid-1980s, nursery schools only admitted pupils in the final year (three terms) leading up to their admission to primary school, but pupils now attend nursery school for four or five terms. It is also common practise for many children to attend nursery much earlier than this. Many nurseries have the facilities to take on babies, using the ‘Early Years Foundation Stage’, framework as a guide to give each child the best possible start to becoming a competent learner and skillful communicator. A primary school (also Elementary school) an school which where children receive primary or elementary education between the ages of about five to about eleven, coming before secondary school and after preschool. It is the first stage of compulsory education in most parts of the world, and is normally available without charge, but may be a fee-paying independent school. In England and Wales secondary school is for children from the ages of 11 to 18. After 11 years of compulsory education ends, and young people can decide whether to continue their studies further at school or sixth form college, or leave the education system. After five years of secondary education, at the age of 16, pupils take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination. When they are in the third or in the forth form, they begin to choose their exam subjects and prepare for them. After finishing the fifth form pupils can make their choice: they may either leave school  and go to a Further Education College or continue their education in the sixth form. Those who stay at school after GCSE, study for 2 more years for â€Å"A’ (Advanced) Level Exams in two or three subjects which is necessary to get a place at one of British universities. The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelor’s degree, and usually lasts for three years. Many institutions now offer an undergraduate master’s degree as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between undergraduate and traditional postgraduate master’s degrees (and the possibility of securing LEA funding for the former) makes taking an undergraduate master’s degree as a first degree a more attractive option, although the novelty of undergraduate master’s degrees means that the relative educational merit of the two is currently unclear. Some universities offer a vocationally based foundation degree, typically two years in length for those students who hope to continue on to a first degree but wish to remain in employment. Postgraduate education Students who have completed a first degree are eligible to undertake a postgraduate degree, which might be a: Master’s degree (typically taken in one year, though research-based master’s degrees may last for two) Doctorate (typically taken in three years) Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state.

Free Essays on Life, Music And The Pursuit Of Happiness

Life, Music and the Pursuit of Happiness Gregory Waldren Waldren Page 1 Life, Music, and the Pursuit of Happiness Gregory Waldren â€Å"Are you a faggot?† the boy said. I tried to ignore him, pretend like I didn’t hear him, but I couldn’t. â€Å"Leave me alone† I said. â€Å"You didn’t answer my question,† the boy said, â€Å"Are you a faggot?† I ignored him by looking out the window, trying to pretend I was anywhere but on that bus. Why couldn’t he just leave me alone? â€Å"Huh? Are you a faggot?† the boy said as he slapped my neck. The sun shined on my face while tears filled my eyes as I again tried to ignore him. Why me? I asked myself, what did I do to deserve this? Finally after numerous slaps to the neck my stop came. I tried to get off the bus as quickly as possible so no one would know I’d been crying. The last thing I wanted was for them to see that they got to me. After getting off the bus I walked slowly up my drive way to the door. The feeling of hurt and pain engulfed my body. Was I that odd? Was I that different that someone had to ridicule me for it? I got my key, opened the door and came in. No one was home. As I shut the door I could finally let out what I had been feeling. I slid down the door to the floor sobbing. I felt so sorry for myself. I couldn’t even stand it hurt so badly. I held my body like I was cut or shot. I felt worthless, that boy made me feel like I shouldn’t even be able to live. I finally composed myself and went to the bathroom to wipe my face. Looking at myself in the mirror just made me cry even more. I saw some pathetic fat kid. Why couldn’t I be someone else? Why did I have to be me? Just like everyday after school, I went to my room, turned on the radio and lay down. The music helps me feel better. I love to sing along with the radio; sometimes I even pretend I’m famous. I get a costume out of whatever I can find and pretend I’m some famous rock star. I ... Free Essays on Life, Music And The Pursuit Of Happiness Free Essays on Life, Music And The Pursuit Of Happiness Life, Music and the Pursuit of Happiness Gregory Waldren Waldren Page 1 Life, Music, and the Pursuit of Happiness Gregory Waldren â€Å"Are you a faggot?† the boy said. I tried to ignore him, pretend like I didn’t hear him, but I couldn’t. â€Å"Leave me alone† I said. â€Å"You didn’t answer my question,† the boy said, â€Å"Are you a faggot?† I ignored him by looking out the window, trying to pretend I was anywhere but on that bus. Why couldn’t he just leave me alone? â€Å"Huh? Are you a faggot?† the boy said as he slapped my neck. The sun shined on my face while tears filled my eyes as I again tried to ignore him. Why me? I asked myself, what did I do to deserve this? Finally after numerous slaps to the neck my stop came. I tried to get off the bus as quickly as possible so no one would know I’d been crying. The last thing I wanted was for them to see that they got to me. After getting off the bus I walked slowly up my drive way to the door. The feeling of hurt and pain engulfed my body. Was I that odd? Was I that different that someone had to ridicule me for it? I got my key, opened the door and came in. No one was home. As I shut the door I could finally let out what I had been feeling. I slid down the door to the floor sobbing. I felt so sorry for myself. I couldn’t even stand it hurt so badly. I held my body like I was cut or shot. I felt worthless, that boy made me feel like I shouldn’t even be able to live. I finally composed myself and went to the bathroom to wipe my face. Looking at myself in the mirror just made me cry even more. I saw some pathetic fat kid. Why couldn’t I be someone else? Why did I have to be me? Just like everyday after school, I went to my room, turned on the radio and lay down. The music helps me feel better. I love to sing along with the radio; sometimes I even pretend I’m famous. I get a costume out of whatever I can find and pretend I’m some famous rock star. I ...

Isochoric Process Definition and Use

Isochoric Process Definition and Use An isochoric process is a thermodynamic process in which the volume remains constant. Since the volume is constant, the system does no work and W 0. (W is the abbreviation for work.) This is perhaps the easiest of the thermodynamic variables to control since it can be obtained by placing the system in a sealed container which neither expands nor contracts. First Law of Thermodynamics To understand the isochoric process, you need to understand the first law of thermodynamics, which states: The change in a systems internal energy is equal to the difference between heat added to the system from its surroundings and work done by the system on its surroundings. Applying the first law of thermodynamics to this situation, you find that: delta-Since delta-U is the change in internal energy and Q is the heat transfer into or out of the system, you see that all of the heat either comes from internal energy or goes into increasing the internal energy. Constant Volume It is possible to do work on a system without changing the volume, as in the case of stirring a liquid. Some sources use isochoric in these cases to mean zero-work regardless of whether there is a change in volume or not. In most straightforward applications, however, this nuance will not need to be considered- if the volume remains constant throughout the process, it is an isochoric process. Example Calculation The website  Nuclear Power, a free, nonprofit online site built and maintained by engineers, gives an example of a calculation involving the isochoric process. Assume an  isochoric heat addition  in an ideal gas. In an  ideal gas, molecules have no volume and do not interact. According to the  ideal gas law,  pressure  varies linearly with  temperature  and quantity, and inversely with  volume. The basic formula would be: pV nRT where: p  is the absolute pressure of the gasn  is the amount of substanceT  is the absolute temperatureV  is the volumeR  Ã‚  is the ideal, or universal, gas constant equal to the product of the Boltzmann constant  and the Avogadro constantK is the scientific abbreviation for  Kelvin In this equation the symbol R is a constant called the  universal  gas constant  that has the same value for all gases- namely, R   8.31  Joule/mole  K. The isochoric process can be expressed with the ideal gas law as: p/T constant Since the process is  isochoric,  dV   0, the  pressure-volume work is equal to zero. According to the  ideal gas model, the internal energy can be calculated by: ∆U m cv  Ã¢Ë†â€ T where the property  cv  (J/mole K)  is referred to as  specific heat  (or  heat capacity) at a constant volume because under certain special conditions (constant volume) it relates the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Since there is no work done by or on the system, the  first law of thermodynamics  dictates  Ã¢Ë†â€ U ∆Q.  Therefore: Q   m cv  Ã¢Ë†â€ T

Calculating Reading Level With the Flesch-Kincaid Scale

Calculating Reading Level With the Flesch-Kincaid Scale Are you writing at an appropriate grade level? There are several scales and calculations used to determine the readability or grade level of a piece of writing. One of the most common scales is the Flesch-Kincaid scale. You can determine the Flesch-Kincaid reading grade level of a paper you’ve written easily in Microsoft Word. There is a tool for this that you access from your menu bar. You can either calculate an entire paper, or you can highlight a section and then calculate. Steps Go to TOOLS and select OPTIONS and SPELLING GRAMMARSelect the box CHECK GRAMMAR WITH SPELLINGSelect the box SHOW READABILITY STATISTICS and select OKAYTo generate the readability statistic now, select SPELLING AND GRAMMAR from the toolbar at the top of the page. The tool will go through its recommended changes and provide readability statistics at the end You can use a formula to calculate the Flesch-Kincaid reading level on your own. This is a good tool to determine whether a book is going to challenge you Calculating Readability of Your Writing Select a few paragraphs to use as your baseCalculate the average number of words per sentence. Multiply the result by 0.39Calculate the average number of syllables in words (count and divide) Multiply the result by 11.8Add the two results togetherSubtract 15.59 The result will be a number that equates to a grade level. For example, a 6.5 is a sixth-grade reading level result.

Preperation of an evidence based clincal guideline informed by critque Thesis

Preperation of an evidence based clincal guideline informed by critque of relevent evidence - Thesis Example This review considered three types of studies, namely the randomized control trial, a systematic review and a qualitative study. It emerged that, water immersion presented a reduced need for the use of analgesia during labor. Moreover, women felt more confident and in control of the birth process when water immersion was used. However, one of the studies highlighted that there was a higher risk of infection when water immersion was used. The three studies considered in the review presented evidence that water immersion had the potential to reduce the use of analgesia during the first two stages of labor. However, it also highlighted that failure to take precautions regarding the safety of the water may lead to infections in the unborn baby. Evidently, further research concerning this issue is needed. This review considers three different types of studies in a bid to gain the evidence of the potential benefits of using water immersion during the first two stages of labor. A close analysis of the results from each study reveals that water immersion may serve to reduce the pain experienced during labor and hence eliminate the need for spinal analgesia that is normally given to women in labor. Even when there is a need for analgesia, the studies reveal that it is usually limited when using water immersion. There is a need for advanced research in this sector because the available evidence does not give conclusive findings on the rate of infection during water immersion. In the 21st century, water birth has become one of the choices that women make regarding their preferred methods of delivery. There has been an increasing controversy regarding the potential benefits of water birth as well as the new challenges it may pose. This necessitates the presence of a clinical guideline that highlights the critical issues related to water birth (da Silva, de Oliveira, & Nobre, 2009). Notably, it has

Global warming & human activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global warming & human activities - Essay Example These alterations threaten to transform the global environment. As one author imagined it, â€Å"The year is 2035. In New York, palm trees line the Hudson River †¦ Phoenix is in its third week of temperatures over 130 degrees †¦ Holland is under water. Bangladesh has ceased to exist †¦ in central Europe and in the American Midwest, decades of drought have turned once fertile agricultural lands into parched deserts (Rifkin, 1988).† Composition of Greenhouse Gases Methane and carbon dioxide primarily constitute the greenhouse gases. They also consist of water vapor and trace amounts of other gases including ozone, nitrous oxide, and HCFCs. Greenhouse gases â€Å"trap† some of the sun’s infrared radiation within Earth’s atmosphere, similar to a greenhouse. As the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increase, they trap more of the sun’s heat in the earth’s atmosphere, which has a number of effects on the earth’s env ironment. Were it not for greenhouse gases, most of the sun’s energy would radiate back out into space, leaving the earth cold and lifeless with an average temperature of minus 18 degrees C (0.4 degrees Fahrenheit) (Miller). ... Increasing levels of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2 ), in the atmosphere since pre-industrial times have been well documented. There is no doubt this atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is largely the result of human activities. Combined with unnaturally elevated levels of naturally occurring gases, global warming is exacerbated by anthropogenic emissions of additional greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. To illustrate the problem, under pre-Industrial Revolution conditions, global levels of carbon dioxide were around 275 parts per million (ppm). Carbon dioxide levels increased from 275 ppm to 346 ppm between 1860 and 1986, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation (Flavind & Tunali, 1995). Plants convert carbon dioxide to oxygen and are one effective way to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation has resulted in a reduction in the carbon dioxide to oxygen conversion. It is estimated that deforestation co ntributes 1.0 to 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually (Oppenheimer & Boyle, 1990). It is thought that global levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will reach 550 ppm sometime between 2040 and 2100; however, most analysts believe those levels will be reached closer to the middle of the twenty-first century (Rifkin). It is estimated that over the next 100 years the temperature will increase about 1.98 degrees C (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Such a severe temperature change would most likely cause an increase in heat waves and drought, the spread of infectious diseases, and the disruption of ecosystems worldwide. Furthermore, increased global temperatures is causing the melting of ice in both polar regions, resulting in a rise in sea level, predicted by

Ecosystem Components Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecosystem Components - Research Paper Example A discussion on how the knowledge of the structure and how these can help to develop plans for its restoration. The implication of the interaction of the species will also be briefly discussed. Within a community that exists in a park, many populations are not likely to be found as being evenly distributed. There exists a patterns and process of spatial distribution of species. The most important patterns are the open community structure which is distributed more or less randomly. There is also the closed community pattern with sharp boundaries. Each species within the ecosystem in a park play a very important role and interacts with other species in the environment. In the interactions the species provide food and, therefore, a basis on which other species survive. There are basically two main types of communities: terrestrial and the aquatic biomes. Terrestrial biomes include the tundra, desert, grassland, temperate forest, taiga, tropical forest (Agee, 2000). The ecosystem changes over time giving the stronger species the opportunity to survive over time and live to withstand the test of time. The weaker ones go to extinction over time. Human interactions with the park may be positive or negative. Human’s efforts to preserve the parks have positive effects on the lives of the species in the ecosystem. However, sometimes the humans destroy the environment by cutting down trees and sometimes killing the animals for food. Besides, other economic activities of humans such as the production industries pollute the environment by emitting substances such as carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus thus interfering in their cycles. The knowledge of humans on the structure and functions of the ecosystem has played a very fundamental role in ensuring that the parks are well preserved. As such this has helped to prevent several plants and animal species from going into extinction (Alcamo & Elena M. Bennett, 2003). This knowledge ought to

Sentencing Guidelines Reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sentencing Guidelines Reform - Research Paper Example Likewise alternatives have been looked at for offenders of non-violent crime, such as community service. The Need for Sentencing Reforms The prison population has been rapidly growing for many years, with an increase of 7% in the period from 2000 to 2005 (King, 2007). The cost per day per prisoner of keeping criminals incarcerated is significant making the increases in prison population detrimental to the budgets of many states. In addition, there are costs associated with building new prisons if the population increases to that extend, and the associated space and land use. This places heavy demand on policy makers to try and determine sentencing laws and reforms that will limit the prison population. Punishments for crime are developed for multiple reasons including political, such as trying to win votes in an election, however one of the predominant drivers is decreasing the level of crime. The potential outcomes for committing a crime play a large role when individuals decide whe ther to follow through with a crime. For example, crime and punishment can be viewed as part of an economic model, where those who consider crimes weigh up the benefits of the crime versus all the potential costs. If the punishment for crime is high compared to the reward, then they are more likely to reconsider, this is especially true if the likelihood of prosecution and punishment is high (Reynolds, 1990). For this reason changes in sentencing must look at a balance between keeping the number of prisoners low, but still providing effective punishment and deterrent for crimes. In addition, punishment for crime can act to change behavior in criminals. For example, drug offenders are often driven largely by a need which comes from their addiction, and thieves may be responding to greed. Prison life may change this desire in a portion of those who are incarcerated, giving them time to think about who they are and what they are doing. Programs within prison and outside of it that focu s on breaking addictive behaviors, such as treatment options for drug offenders can also be very productive methods of reducing crime rate. This is because without the addiction driving them, many criminals that committed drug offenses will no longer have the same strong need or desire to. Finally, incarceration is not an effective solution in all cases. When a crime is committed out of a perceived need, particularly in the case of drug addiction, incarceration acts as a punishment, but does nothing to reduce the likelihood of re-offense. When the criminal is released, the drivers that caused him to offend in the first case are still present, and re-offense is very likely. Drug Based Sentencing Reforms Sentencing reform legislation has focused on criminals who have committed low level offenses. This section will examine some of the types of legislation in more detail. Thirteen states passed legislation that looked at increasing the available options for drug treatment for the large number of non-violent drug-based crimes. Of these states, nine passed laws that created or extended sentencing diversion for drug offenders. Sentencing diversion involves sentencing sending the criminal to a facility or a program that worked with them in treating their drug problem. This was already present in a number of states, but sentencing reforms worked to clarify ambiguities within the law, thus allowing sentencing diversion to be used in an increased number of cases. Louisiana established a different sentencing diversion model for drug crimes than is used in other states. The model in this state allows for the sentence to be diverted and the individual to begin the treatment program without a statement of guilt, or a

How the company seeks to deliver customer value Essay

How the company seeks to deliver customer value - Essay Example Introduction of the Apple Macintosh has engaged in numerous products launches that  have been met  with much anticipation. For instance, Apple iPhone  has been considered  an elegantly designed  device  for sending and receiving  information. The iPhone has a combination of  smart  phone capabilities with  natural  graphical interface projected on a large multi-touch display. Apple’s marketers focus on consumer behaviours in order to improve their marketing strategies and foster an understanding of how the consumer thinks feels and selects between various alternatives (Solomon, 10). These marketers also focus on psychology of consumers and influence of environmental conditions such as a culture, family, signs and media. In fact, this entails the focus on consumers’ behaviours while making purchases and other decisions. Nevertheless, there are limitations concerning consumer knowledge or ability to internalize information that can influence their de cisions and results of marketing strategies. On other hand, focusing on consumer behaviour considers motivation of the consumers to making various decisions strategies among different products in levels of significance and interest (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 4). Study of consumer behaviours enables Apple marketers to improve their marketing campaigns and strategies in a way that is effective in process of reaching the consumers. Therefore, this paper will focus exploring the way Apple deliver value to their customers based on the 4Ps, product, price, promotion, and place. Nonetheless, in order to understand the process through which Apple deliver quality to their customers, there is need to explore their relationship with consumer behaviour and marketing (Schiffman and Kanuk, 20). Moreover, there is need to focus on consumer reception to advertisements, and learning their schedule in advertising. On the other hand, Apple’s marketers have a great understanding of the way produc t are adopted by few consumers and a spread occurs later, leading to rest of the population learning that there are new products. In this case, as marketers, they ensure that the products are financed and available until the target market share is acquired. Besides, they focus on creating a good impression to the initial customers, since they take the role of influencing the other customers. 2. Organization’s Objectives Apple has revamped its products  and service line  in order to  offer  commodities, which could facilitate the delivery of the tightly integrated  experience  of the user. The Company has been making effort by remaining committed to the market with the PC products focusing on homes and lifestyles of the consumer. The Apple Inc has also sustained their  position  through technological innovations and new retail strategies. However, as a typical organization, Apple has several organizations’ objectives such as; 1. To offer quality products and services to customers in a way that meets their expectations. 2. To maintain their leadership in technology and device market, thereby sustaining their competitive advantage. 3. Maximize their profits and grow their organization, while remaining socially responsible in the community. 3. Product and Brand portfolio Product is an element used in referring to things that can be

Assessment to cover m5 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assessment to cover m5 - Coursework Example The early microprocessors were usually 4-bits and were used in electronic calculators that used binary coded decimal. The microprocessor consists of three component units. The Arithmetic and logic unit is a digital circuit that performs all the arithmetic operations that include additions, multiplications, subtractions, and divisions, and logic operations which entail comparison operations using logic operators such as AND, OR. The control unit directs and controls the operation of other units by providing timing and control signals, it fetches and decodes machine instructions, and co-ordinates the input and output devices of a computer system. The registers act as cache memory for the microprocessor and provide the storage of data and instructions to be executed. The CPU is mounted on the motherboard (a printed circuit board that holds components of the system and provide connection to other peripheral devices) of the computer system, where other electronics are also mounted. ... The microprocessors are differentiated according to the instruction set executed, the number of bits processed in a single instruction, and the clock speed (instructions executed per second), given in megahertz (MHz). In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU will be in terms of performance. 8-bit microprocessor An 8-bit microprocessor refers to a processor architecture that computes 8-bits as the data size. All the instructions executed by such a processor consist of 8-bits (binary digits). The arithmetic and logic unit, the internal buses, and the data processing registers are 8-bits. An 8-bit CPU can process 8 bits of data simultaneously, and its data bus consists of 8 lines to transfer data between the memory and other input/output devices. The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that consists of instruction sets such as data moving, arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), logic (AND, OR, XOR), control transfer (both conditional an d unconditional, call subroutine, return from subroutine), setting and clearing flag bits, interrupts, stack operations and input/output instructions. This processor consists of 8-bit ALU that performs arithmetic and logic operations, the control unit, seven 8-bit general purpose registers A,B,C,D,E,H, and L, which are paired to form BC, DE, and HL. Register A is referred to as the Accumulator and it stores one operand of arithmetic and logic operation, and the results of the arithmetic and logic operations. There are two special purpose registers which are 16-bit registers, namely, the stack pointer (SP, which points to the top of the stack where data can be retrieved),

How the company seeks to deliver customer value Essay

How the company seeks to deliver customer value - Essay Example Introduction of the Apple Macintosh has engaged in numerous products launches that  have been met  with much anticipation. For instance, Apple iPhone  has been considered  an elegantly designed  device  for sending and receiving  information. The iPhone has a combination of  smart  phone capabilities with  natural  graphical interface projected on a large multi-touch display. Apple’s marketers focus on consumer behaviours in order to improve their marketing strategies and foster an understanding of how the consumer thinks feels and selects between various alternatives (Solomon, 10). These marketers also focus on psychology of consumers and influence of environmental conditions such as a culture, family, signs and media. In fact, this entails the focus on consumers’ behaviours while making purchases and other decisions. Nevertheless, there are limitations concerning consumer knowledge or ability to internalize information that can influence their de cisions and results of marketing strategies. On other hand, focusing on consumer behaviour considers motivation of the consumers to making various decisions strategies among different products in levels of significance and interest (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 4). Study of consumer behaviours enables Apple marketers to improve their marketing campaigns and strategies in a way that is effective in process of reaching the consumers. Therefore, this paper will focus exploring the way Apple deliver value to their customers based on the 4Ps, product, price, promotion, and place. Nonetheless, in order to understand the process through which Apple deliver quality to their customers, there is need to explore their relationship with consumer behaviour and marketing (Schiffman and Kanuk, 20). Moreover, there is need to focus on consumer reception to advertisements, and learning their schedule in advertising. On the other hand, Apple’s marketers have a great understanding of the way produc t are adopted by few consumers and a spread occurs later, leading to rest of the population learning that there are new products. In this case, as marketers, they ensure that the products are financed and available until the target market share is acquired. Besides, they focus on creating a good impression to the initial customers, since they take the role of influencing the other customers. 2. Organization’s Objectives Apple has revamped its products  and service line  in order to  offer  commodities, which could facilitate the delivery of the tightly integrated  experience  of the user. The Company has been making effort by remaining committed to the market with the PC products focusing on homes and lifestyles of the consumer. The Apple Inc has also sustained their  position  through technological innovations and new retail strategies. However, as a typical organization, Apple has several organizations’ objectives such as; 1. To offer quality products and services to customers in a way that meets their expectations. 2. To maintain their leadership in technology and device market, thereby sustaining their competitive advantage. 3. Maximize their profits and grow their organization, while remaining socially responsible in the community. 3. Product and Brand portfolio Product is an element used in referring to things that can be

Tecnology Adventage Essay Example for Free

Tecnology Adventage Essay Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products computers, cloning technology, and video games etc.. Technology today has made life better and quicker In our modern society, people cant see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mailetc As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting society to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools. To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly. ADVANTAGE: Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products computers, cloning technology, and video games etc.. Technology today has made life better and quicker In our modern society, people cant see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mailetc As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting society to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools. To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly. ADVANTAGE: Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products computers, cloning technology, and video games etc.. Technology today has made life better and quicker In our modern society, people cant see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mailetc As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting society to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools. To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly. ADVANTAGE: Modern technology has solved many problems that people face and play an important role in the development of many countries. Modern technologies create many kinds of products computers, cloning technology, and video games etc.. Technology today has made life better and quicker In our modern society, people cant see themselves without computers, cell phones, voice mailetc As we look at technologies, questions are risen. The Technological progress make our society more convenient and safe. Making impossible things possible are similar features of the change which previous people have experienced by social change, like shifting from a hunting society to an agricultural society and establishing a commercial society due to the invention of new tools. To consider these advantages and change of society, modern technology, which we use today, might be not only a new tool but also the tool, which makes a dramatic change in history. However, the contribution of modern technology to society should not be eliminated and should be distributed evenly.

Recruitment and Selection in Company Expansion

Recruitment and Selection in Company Expansion Khajurico Nepal is a family owned cottage industry based at Chapagaun, Lalitpur, Nepal. It was established in 1990 with a brand name of Khajuri foods and late in 2003 it was trademarked under Khajurico. Khajuri foods started its brand name by introducing bread and since 1994 it has been expanding widely with diversified products such as cookies and puff pastry. It is the only company where all the production employee is women from which we can see how Khajurico Nepal is promoting women empowerment. Today, Khajurico Nepal not only supplies its product at Nepal but also has opened its new factory in India named after Khajurico India Pvt. Ltd. and supplies its products to Australia, Tibet, Ghana, etc. (n.d.) Establishing a company in a foreign country is a risk. It isnt confirmed whether the company will work or not. There may or maynt be the market for the product that you are going to launch. Similarly, there might also be a problem with the tax, wages and law since the law of one country varies from another and the change in law can occur anytime. Likely, the cultural and language barrier also creates problem while launching a product as the company doesnt know what the local prefers. (Goodman 2015). Recruitment is the process where the organisation seeks for the new employee through the forms and cv that are applied by the candidates. Recruitment can either be internal or external. Internal recruitment takes place within an organisation whereas in external recruitment company brings new staffs by following up certain procedures such as job analysis, job description, job advertisement, etc. (Anon 2017). Selection is the process where right candidates are picked from the list of applicants through different methods such as: testing, gathering information and interview. A candidate is selected after he/she clears all the track races of the selection process. During the selection process, a person should neither be underqualified nor overqualified for the applied post. Hence, they will be placed a misfit for the post. While the selection process it is also important to review their past experience and references (Muhammad Umer Khalid Habib 07:20:48 UTC) Along with this the recruitment and selection process is also a crucial process as the company either needs to recruit their own staff or recruit the staff from the host country of from foreign country. All of these has its own advantages and disadvantages. PCN: Parent country Nationals HCN: Host country Nationals TCN: Third Country Nationals (Gomes 2012) Talking about the recruitment procedure of Khajurico Nepal Pvt. Ltd., currently in Nepal KNPL follows the strategic HR planning of NTBI (National Banking Training Institute) which adheres the following principle: Fair and Transparent Recruitment Competence knowledge, skills and attitude of the candidates Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) External and Internal sources The Recruitment procedure of KNPL: In order to recruit their staffs KNPL follows the following procedure; Sources of Recruitment So as to hire and fill the vacant position KNPL follows the following methods; Advertisement in a National daily newspaper. Advertisement in the Company web site / notice board. External job web sites Outsourcing. Through Talent Hunt and the Company data base (already collected CVs) Any vacant position shall also be full filled internally from the existing pool of staff without going for external vacancy announcement. However, this shall be done on a strong recommendation from the line manager based on the staff performance and upon approval from the Chairman / Chief Executive. In case of all hires within the Chairmans authority, this will be formally notified to the board for information and ratification. Usually, during the selection of candidate the head of HRD submits the evaluation sheet to the CEO which indicates the names of candidates, marks obtained by them in both written and interview and the total score. And through that sheet the CEO makes further appointment. If any of the recommended candidate is unavailable for the appointment, then the next candidate will be appointed. However, it is upon the CEO on how to select the candidate for vacant position. Hence, the appointment will be disqualified and will not be appointed in the institute if; If he/she is below 18 years of age. If he/she is medically unfit. If he/she has had previous employment terminated on grounds of lack of integrity, honesty, misuse of funds and pilferage. If he/she is convicted by a competent court on criminal charge, involving imprisonment of more than six months. If he/she is a foreign national except on conditions approved by the Board with permission of the Labour Department of Government of Nepal. Achieving high performance from the new employees Whether the company is established at home country or a host country it is obvious that they expect high performance from their staffs individually. And in order to achieve a good performance certain steps should be taken which are explained below; Induction/orientation: Induction/orientation is the process of letting the new employees to get adapted towards their new working place. In this phase, the new recruited employees are introduced to their workplace, their work colleagues and their role in that organisation. Usually, every company does an induction/ orientation programme since every candidate has their own prospective (Anon 2016c). In every organisation the induction usually take place in the first day where all the information regarding the company and business code of conduct are provided to the employees. Training: Training is the process of providing extra knowledge, skills, attitudes or social behaviour to the staffs so as to perform the job more efficiently, effectively and skilfully as per the trend and technological change in the market. Since, training takes lots of effort and time, it is very important for an organisation to think regarding the need and objective while providing training to their staffs since high qualified professionals are used.(Anon 2016a) Coaching: Coaching is a technique where the managers act as a coach and guides its sub-ordinated through their experience and knowledge. (Anon 2016b). Coaching can also be defined as a facility that is given by the higher level to their subordinates so as to help them to achieve their goals, develop their own personal strategy and improve their efficiency of doing the work (SEGERS et al. 2011). Hence, it is the way of achieving through daily feedbacks and communication of the staffs. Performance Review: Performance review helps keep track of all the activities and achievements of the employees, thus helping employees stay motivated. Periodic performance review helps employees know how they are doing in terms of their performance and motivates them to do better. It also helps them understand their weakness and how they should improve them. Thus, performance review helps in achieving high performance. Hence, performance = employee ability, motivation and opportunity to participate. (Boselie et al. 2005) Rewards: Rewards are the benefits that an employee deserves after his/her excellent performance in an organisation. Rewards can either be financially or non-financially, financial reward includes salary increment, bonus, allowance, etc. whereas non-financial reward includes accommodation, insurance, etc. Every employee joins an organisation with an expectation of getting reward as per their performance(2017).However, these include linkages with performance expectations in: Positive terms (merit review) Neutral consequences (lateral reassignment to improve person/job match) Negative outcomes such as progressively stronger counselling sessions Succession Planning: It is an implication that identifies the problems, reviews it and works on the problems along with their best employees so as to meet performance expectations for a job different from the one she/he currently holds with greater responsibility. It helps to boosts its employee morale by providing them the position as their performance. Hence, succession planning is done so as to fill the vacant position. (Anon 2016d) Career Development Programs: Career Development Program is carried out by every organisations so as to develop individual capability so as to achieve their future goal and career. Since it fulfils the requirement of both employee and organisation it has been an important need for both of the parties.(Anon 2015) An effective Career Development Program: Is critical for the retention of superior performers. Builds internal bench strength, reduces costs associated with outside hires, and maintains continuity in overall performance of the organization. Today, as per the change in the economic, cultural, environmental and political status, it is a challenging thing for any organisation to establish as well as maintain a goal to achieve an affective commitment from their new employees. According to Sayeed (1989) the personal character, role related factors and structural factors are the board antecedents of organisations commitment. Allen et al. (1990) says that organisational commitment is either affective or emotional attachment towards the organisation. (Kumari Afroz 2013) In this technological era, it has brought up many changes in the working environment of the people. People not only seek good working condition but also seek higher income, benefits, commitment, etc. So as to get achieve a commitment from their employee an organisation needs to fulfil every employee needs. However, a company can achieve an affective commitment through its employee by their employees psychological state such as; (Anon n.d.) (Jaaron 2009) Affective Commitment Continuance Commitment Normative Commitment Affective commitment: It is the emotional attachment of an employee towards its organisation. Here, he/she doesnt fear of any losses but strictly follows the company rules and regulations and states the organisations goals and objective. Continuance Commitment: Some employee fears that by leaving the job they might face problems such as low salary, pension, low allowance, working environment, etc. due to which they get stuck to their job thinking that their change in job might create trouble in their life. Hence, these type of commitment is more seen in higher level staff as they are already established in the particular company and fear to lose the position. Normative Commitment: It is a thinking of the employee that he must work in the organisation. Here, he/she feels that it is their responsibility to work in that organisation. There might be several reasons of an employee to have such commitment such as the company might reward them by paying their education or it might be their own perception to do so. However, it is very much important for an organisation to gain the commitment from their employees so as to increase their level of quality and performance. Culture is the characteristic of particular group of people that belongs to certain part of religion, place and language (Zimmermann et al. 2015). A culture may vary from the people of same or different country. For an organisation, it is a must to understand the culture of the host country and should be sociable with the consumers. They should be updated regarding the potentialÂÂ   business challenges to overcome the competitive market. Following can be the issues on cross cultural management; (PGPExecutive 2015) Ambiguity: People have their own way of thinking, doing, talking or seeing. A word can have several meanings, for example a person can utter a word that might be the same language as of the another but the other person might take it differently which increases misunderstanding between the people. Likely, every culture has its own unique value, and might be reluctant in adapting new culture in the host country. Hence, ambiguity creates an incorrect perspective within an information that one wants to deliver to the listener. Inflexible attitude: There are some people who go to the host country and hesitate to participate in their culture which gives an impression that they are not comfortable with the environment that the host country is providing. Showing this kind of behaviour will hamper the person rather than the host because he/she is the one to lose the team and destroy the relationship of the business with the host country. Ethnocentrism: It is the perception of the people where they think that their own culture is correct. Even though these kinds of people are sent to the host country they dont try to accept the new culture. Rather, they start judging the host countries culture on the basis of their own culture. However, these issues can be corrected by following: By understanding the communication style of host culture By understanding the cultural values By developing the right competencies It is obvious that an organisation faces challenges during their working period. There are several challenges that Khajurico Nepal Pvt. Ltd. should follow up; Customer demography: Customer demography denotes the age, sex, gender, income, race, status, etc. which helps the organisation to target their customer. KNPL should not only understand the demography of the customers but also needs to understand what exactly the company needs to do inorder to maintain relation with their potential customer (Staff 2017) Working culture: The working culture of an organisation may vary from its host country. Working culture is the surrounding of the company on how the company treats their employees and how their employee follows the principles and guidelines of the organisation. An organisation having a good working culture directly influences the staffs to work well with their colleagues. (Anon n.d.) Political Issue: The political issues can both be internal and external. External issues include the following; (Contributor 2015) Governments tax policy which can fluctuate at any given time affecting the companys targeted profit, goals and objectives. Corruption Effects of pressure groups leading to change in governments policy which might affect the production. Trade control Hence, if such issues occurs KNPL should either ask for compensation with the host country or purchase political risk insurance ( it doesnt guarantee that the company will get its compensation through insurance as soon as the event occurs) (Phung 2006). The internal issues occur within the organisation. It might include the following; Strike by trade unions for not meeting their demands Autocracy Disregarding employee performance because of the fear of being replaced by top leaders. Hence, if the internal issue occurs KNPL should organise frequent meeting between the staffs and the management, equal opportunities should be given as per their level of performance and the management should have a flexible approach towards the employees feedback.

Shakespeares Hamlet is both Madman and Genious Essay -- essays resear

Madman or Genius? Scholars have been disputing the sanity of Hamlet, for over four hundred years, in the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare. Is he an insane madman or a vengeful, devious, genius? There are many contradictory ideas and theories on Hamlet’s so called psychosis, his procrastination in avenging his father’s death, and his actions towards his mother. In the first act Hamlet seems to be in a perfectly sane state of mind. It is the second scene where the reader begins to see a change in Hamlet’s character. Ophelia meets with Polonius and recalls the meeting she previously had with Hamlet. She tells her father that Hamlet came to her disheveled, and in a traumatized state of mind, speaking of "horrors." (Act 2 Scene 1 lines 83). Polonius immediately believes that he is "Mad for thy love?" (Act 2 Scene 1 lines 84). Ophelia answers a question posed by Polonius in which she responded that she had told Hamlet that she could not see or communicate with him any more. Polonius makes reference to Hamlet's madness once again by pronouncing what his daughter said, "... hath made him (Hamlet) mad." (Act 2 Scene 1 lines 109). This is where the argument of whether Hamlet is insane due to of his love for Ophelia begins, but a more confusing and complex situation is the struggle within Hamlet's mind. His personal struggle is revealed to the reader in scene one of the third act in the first of Hamlet’s several soliloquies. In this scene Hamlet recites his famous "To be or not to be, that is the question:" (Act 3 Scene 1 lines 57) speech. As Eric Levy puts it, â€Å"Though Hamlet is linked with the vulnerability of reason to emotion, he nevertheless displays extraordinary emotional control, despite extreme... ...o have fallen victim to their deceit†(Richardson 124). Also the fact that Hamlet thought that Polonius was Claudius adds to the evidence that Hamlet was in fact going insane. Hamlet's madness at times is justified, and at other times is pure insanity. At first Hamlet seems to be going mad over the fact that Ophelia is not allowed to see him. Subsequently it seems that Hamlet is going mad over the fact that he is overwhelmed with his father's death, and begins to fight with himself over the thought of suicide. He is then determined to avenge his father’s death and goes about torturing Claudius in a systematic and genius manner. Finally, Hamlet is caught up in his feelings about mother’s actions, which brings him back to the point of insanity. In conclusion, Hamlet is torn between two worlds, that of the rational and that of the distraught and insane.

Comparing John Milton’s Paradise Lost to Pleasantville Essay -- Compar

Comparing John Milton’s Paradise Lost to Pleasantville I don’t know if I connected the experiential dots with any dexterity regarding John Milton’s Paradise Lost until I visited Disney World recently. It wasn’t until Mickey Mouse, Cinderella, Cruella De Vil, Jafar the evil sorcerer, the Beauty, and the Beast came down Main Street, U.S.A. that I was more able to appreciate the prodigiousness of the procreative masque within Paradise Lost. Panorama grabs the viewer; and, with a mere touch of the remote control, it thrusts him/her into Eden, Main Street, or Pleasantville. Panorama doesn’t settle for facile spectatorship; it invites the viewer into the action and synchronizes the viewer’s pulse with the pulse of its [panorama’s] own creative slide show. To ignore that invite is to not only avoid the tree of knowledge, but to refuse its existence. That tree was not put in the garden to be ignored but to be avoided – a challenge of our obedience towards a sovereign, a tempter of our curiosi ty, a pulse quickener. And so we sat there in the cool of the shade from our own tree, askance of Main Street but within reach of the remote. We were just far enough away to observe the parade with condescension and just close enough to feel the discomfort of the sorcerer’s leer. First the big mouse, then the princess, then Goofy, then the sorcerer, then the beast – always the beast. I watched the 5-year-old near me and wondered if he felt like Adam may have felt on that lofty mount, as Michael revealed one dramatic historical upheaval after another. I was glad that I didn’t have to worry, didn’t have to get involved. I was happy to know that this bit of fancy was but a type of reality, scripted by that master of artifice, Walt Disne... ...ly â€Å"delivers† both of his worlds by becoming part of the panorama. He pushes the remote button and affects the circumspection of the real with the creativity of the fanciful. The real and the fanciful have an almost singular or codependent relationship with one another; neither can be ignored in attending to the health of the other. In Bud’s situation, the absenteeism of his corporeal nature is illumined by the activism of his panoramic experience. At the end of the movie â€Å"Pleasantville,† Bud is able to take a satisfying look into the television screen, the conduit for his panorama, and know that he was taken out of the shade and into the light. He risked joining the pageantry and ended up having a good day. Next time I’ll sit closer to the parade. Work Cited Milton, John. Paradise Lost. 1674. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1993.

Coursework assignment: Jack the Ripper

1. Source A is part of a newspaper article describing the murder of Martha Tabram and Polly Nicholls. From source A I can learn that there have been two murders in London within a month of each other, I can also learn that Polly Nicholls and the other victim, Martha Tabram, were very poor. Source A also tells us that the murderer did not kill the women for financial gain as there was no proof of stealing, the killer had used too much force to kill these women and this suggests that the killer was not of stable mind. Source A is part of an article in the East End Observer describing the murders of Martha Tabram and Polly Nicholls and it was written within a month of the murders, it suggests that the murderer was not of stable mind. Source B is part of the Coroner's report of the death of Polly Nicholls and it suggests that the killer had a good knowledge of the human body. Source C is the report of Dr Frederick Blackwell on the body of Elizabeth Stride and its gives a detailed description of the victims body. Source A supports Source C by saying that the victims have been of the poorest of the poor whilst Source C implies that the victim, Elizabeth Stride, was poor as there was ‘no money on the body. ‘ However Source A is different to Source C as it says that the killer used ‘extraordinary violence' to murder the women where as Source C says that there was only one incision on the body and it cut the windpipe ‘completely in two meaning that no force was used'. Source C also says that the appearance of the face was calm meaning there was no force used against the victim and it was a quick kill. Source A states that the murders were a work of a ‘demented being' as so much effort was used to kill the victims but the evidence from Source C suggest that the killer had a knowledge of how to kill a person quickly as it says that only one incision was found on the victim and it rendered them dead. Source B says the killer had ‘anatomical skill and knowledge' the wounds inflicted on the victim were in specific places that would lead to certain organs, additionally Source C also suggests that the killer had a good understanding of the human body as it mentions that only one wound was inflicted on the victim and it was enough to kill her and this shows that Source B supports Source C. Source B also supports Source C by saying the killer used a knife as a weapon to kill the victims and Source C implies that the killer used a knife as an incision is caused by a knife or sharp object. However Source B is different from Source C as all the statements in this are opinions whereas all the statements of Source C are facts and are given by a doctor who knows what he is seeing. Source B is also trying to decipher the identity of the victim where as Source is just a description of the body 3. Source E is Part of an article published in a local newspaper after the murders of Polly Nicholls and Annie Chapman. It tells us of how an informant warned police officers that the security of the streets should be improved otherwise murders would ensue. It also tells us a bit about the geography of White Chapel. This source implies that the security of the streets in White Chapel was really poor as there were crimes going on in every street and people had predicted that there would be murders happening in the town if the quality of the police force was not increased. It also tells us that there were crimes going on such as ‘ruffianism' (violent lawless behavior), and although the police were told of it they did nothing to prevent or stop these crimes. This Source also tells us about the way White Chapel is built, with the main roads connected by narrow alleyways, meaning that the killer could easily slide into an alley if he heard or saw the police approaching. However the Source does not tell us who the informant is; implying that the killer had to be a police to hide his identity because otherwise he would have been fired from his job. As a result of not knowing the identity of the killer, we cannot tell if the Source is reliable or not. But as the source was a newspaper article, its main job was to inform people of the news accurately, however the newspapers also had to be sold meaning that the article evidence given by the informant could have stretched to make the article more interesting. Source D is the evidence of Elizabeth Long at the inquest into the death of Annie Chapman; she was describing the man seen talking to Annie before she was killed. It tells about the appearance of the man seen with Annie Chapman before she was killed. It says that the man was a foreigner and that he was of a ‘shabby genteel'. The description given by the eye-witness is very detailed and it describes a foreigner. During the time that the murders happened White chapel was a dirty and polluted place, people could even see their own hands in front of their faces in the dark. The time at which Miss Long said she say the man was at 5. 30 am and it was still pretty dark at that time which leads me to believe that this source is not very reliable. This however shows me that the police had trouble capturing the killer because of all the false eye-witness accounts given to them by the public, they could not interpret which ones were true and which were not and the killer took advantage of this. Source D is not very reliable as there is no way that Miss. Long could have made out the appearance of the man in such detail, it is a make belief story as at the time of which the account was given many people presumed that the killer was a foreigner, therefore Miss. Long gave the description of one. 4. The police made use of many methods to try and catch the killer but they were all to no avail. One of the things that the police was to circulate leaflets around to the general public. Source F is the leaflet distributed to over 80,000 households in hopes of catching the murderer. The leaflet contains dates of the first four murders (starting from Polly Nicholls) and it is suggesting that the killer lives in Whitechapel. It is asking for people to come forward and report anybody suspicious. This is a good idea as it would save the police from interviewing everyone in Whitechapel but the public did help the police as they came up with too many false witnesses and they gave information on people who acted the slightest unusual. Source G is part of a letter from the Home Secretary to the mile end vigilance committee on 17 September 1888. The Home Secretary states that offering a reward would mean people would make false accusations on innocent people just for the money. The police were asking permission to offer reward to anyone who gives information on the killer but they were declined. This would have been a good idea as they would get a list of suspects but the public would give information on anyone just to get the money and this would leave the police in a bigger state of confusion. The police also requested for 100 more men both uniformed and plain clothed so there can more of a chance to catch the killer. This was definitely a good idea as there were more men patrolling the area and there were more chances of spotting the killer. However this method proved to be insufficient as the killer was not seen the police, both uniformed and plain clothed. The metropolitan police sent a private and confidential letter to Col turner asking him to provide trained bloodhounds that could track the scent of the victim's blood in order to find the killer. This was a very good idea and it is still used today to track down suspects but this also failed to catch the notorious Whitechapel, murderer. Although this did prove that the killer murdered his victims rather stealthily as to not get any blood on himself. The police also put their time and effort into interviewing over a thousand lodgers in the area of Whitechapel. This does not seem like a good idea as all the murders had taken place on the weekend or on a holiday suggesting that the killer was from out of town or that he had a job meaning that he would have his own house. One of the stranger things the police did was use silent boots. There logic was that the killer would here the police man approach and so the killer would not run away. This obviously did not help the police catch the killer. These boots also cause pain to the officers as they were uncomfortable. Autopsies were carried out and police photographed each scene. Detailed interviews were conducted throughout the area and existing mental patients and those with a history of violence were investigated. Also the police offered pardons to accomplices willing to come forward with information. The police tried almost everything they could to try and catch the killer during the murders but the facilities that police had were just not enough and most of the time criminals were caught red handed or they would most likely escape. 5. The Whitechapel murders were something that the police have never experienced, they do not know of killing without reason or serial killing. As you have seen, the police tried various methods to try and catch the murderer but they were all a failure and that is due to the following reasons. The killer was a mad-man. This is what everybody believed in White chapel, that someone who kills for his own pleasure has to be foaming at the mouth, this was the perceived of Jack the ripper. He was seen as a man who could not keep his emotions in check and who was a basic raving lunatic. However through modern serial killings we have found that most serial killers look outwardly normal and sane even though they are mad on the inside. The killer could have had an ordinary day-light life with maybe even a family and by night time he could have set out to kill. This was not known at the time so people were looking out for mad person who was swinging a knife at every prostitute and because of this lunatics all over White chapel were examined but to no avail. This also meant that if the killer had family and friends they would never suspect him as he would not have filled the description of a lunatic. The killer on the other hand was a very confident person as he no doubt believed he would never be caught so he never hid the bodies and murdered in daring places, such as ten minutes away from the police station. The killer was also very artful as source H states that ‘not a trace is left' of the killer at the crime scene. The victims of the killer had one thing in common: heavy drinking. They were known for drinking and wondering around the streets, the first victim's, Polly Nicholls, marriage broke down as a cause of her heavy drinking. Polly Nicholls was a sad woman who made a living from prostitution. The second victim, Annie Chapman, was also a separated wife who suffered from alcoholism and she was also homeless. The next victim, Elizabeth Stride, was also separated from her husband and used prostitution as a source of a living. The fourth victim, Catherine Eddowes, was also a heavy drinker, a separated wife and a prostitute. The fifth and final victim was Mary Jane Kelly and she was a young prostitute whose husband had died. All these victims are prostitutes and almost all were heavy drinkers meaning they were all exceptionally easy targets as they would have to go in dark places with men who they were strangers with and when they were drunk they were disoriented and did not know what was going on. They would also do anything for a drink meaning they would meet up with men at night just because he promised a drink. The victims were also picked at random except for the fact that they were prostitutes so the police could not find a pattern in the victims and there were too many prostitutes in White chapel to protect them all. Whitechapel was a densely populated area in one of the poorest districts in London. There were many slaughterhouses and such in those parts of London, and so it wasn't odd for men to walk around in dirty and even blood stained clothes. Furthermore, the fact that there were so many narrow alleys and thoroughfares may have made the Ripper's escape easier. As source E tells us that the alley ways were ‘dark' and ‘narrow'. The area of Whitechapel had many penniless, homeless and nameless people drifting in and out of its streets, so it was difficult to keep the track, monitor the streets and the police also had to deal with the vigilante behaviour that erupted as a result of the murders. The eyewitnesses that came forward were almost all very inaccurate except for the police officers. In eye-witness account of Elizabeth Long (source D), a description of a man she sees talking to Annie Chapman is given but it is not very detailed and it only describes his attire and not his facial features. Elizebeth Long is also not sure about the things she sae as she says: ‘as well as I could make out', ‘I think' and ‘I cannot be sure'. Also, the time at which she saw the man, it was dark and smog covered the whole of White chapel so therefore she could not have seen clearly and her evidence is most likely made up. These sort of eye-witness accounts lead the police to a dead end and their time is wasted. The chance of the police catching any criminal in those days would drastically drop if they didn't catch him in the act. The investigative tools the police had at the time did not include fingerprinting, forensic evidence and DNA. The police tried almost everything they could and they made requests that would help catch the killer (even though some of them were denied). The police was not used to the concept of killing without a motive and this confused the police as to what course of action they should take. Although the police did make some mistakes such as when the writing on the wall was erased before it could be photographed and they let Catherine Eddowes out of jail at 1. 00 am when they clearly knew about the dangerous times. The police were not to blame for the ripper murders as they had never experienced anything like it and they did whatever they could to try and catch the killer. The public did not help the police in the investigation by giving false witnesses and accusations. The layout of White chapel was in such a way that it would be extremely easy for the ripper to escape.

Advertising and Identity through Consumer Culture Essay

Never before in the history of the modern world has advertising become so prevalent, ubiquitous, and an â€Å"undeniable essential† to a modern man’s everyday life than that of our century. Advertising images of all sorts, now flood public spaces: from billboards with eroticized images to the blinding electronic billboard, down to the â€Å"comfort ads† which oddly stares back in the rest rooms of malls. Magazines and televisions are also full of products that entice the readers and the audience to buy and patronize a certain brand. Similarly, cultural events cannot be seen without a popular brand nor is a sporting event complete without a corporate ad. Indeed, advertising has become part of today’s culture and has become an inescapable ghost that dominates our media, our road, and our home. The road towards the advertising era began its transition during the 1880’s to1920’s. It is during this period that ads focused largely on the products themselves. Products took the center stage, using heavy texts to introduce, feature and market the product. â€Å"Real† representation of people were absent in advertisements, but rather representation of people who stand for the social values such as   family structure and status differentiation were seen during this stage (Jhally, 1990, p. 228). With the written material properly explaining visual the visual imagery, ads during this period were instructional. At the same time they were also educational as well as promotional. These ads taught the consumer audience how to read commercial messages. However, by the postwar period, education was replaced for a puzzle of numerous visual messages. Visual images then took the limelight during the 1950’s. Texts were highly reduced and were then replaced by icons and images to allure the consumer. These visual imageries eventually took over the product. The image, rather than the product, became the main message that is communicated to the consumer audience. The once educational ads were now replaced with a hodge-podge of photos and visuals (Jhally, 1990, p. 229). As the 21st century ushered in, the idea of â€Å"identity† was then marketed to the buying audience, convincing the public that the products they buy represent their identity; identity which can now be brought in the nearest mall and will assure not only satisfaction but happiness as well. This paper will discuss the contemporary culture in the advertising industry as it permeates and even molds today’s idea of beauty, style, as well as identity. Similarly, it will discuss how people are influenced by this media medium by citing several studies and researches related to the mentioned topic. Apart form this, it will also discuss the benefits and the disadvantages brought about by the culture of advertising. Ours is an era whose society is in constant struggle to find their true identity. Never before has a mankind been so engrossed in a quest for an identity, life, and beauty only to be directed to the market place. Ads that promote images with identity are prevalent. A popular celebrity endorsing this line of clothing, for instance, will give the audience the message that buying these kinds of clothes will make you happy, beautiful, or popular. Likewise, purchasing this brand of shoes will make you a part of the â€Å"cool† or â€Å"in† group. Through these visual representations, consumers desire to be like the image they see on ads, and the consumption of this certain product will help them imagine, create, and sustain their idea of themselves, their image, and their identity. The idea of beauty is perhaps one of the most capitalized and used advertising ideas. Numerous magazines often represent a beautiful woman as someone who is skinny, blond, tall, and has a porcelain-like skin.   These faces are evidently plastered on every magazine cover. Of course, a brand logo is placed along side the photo of the model as if saying: You can be just like me if you use this brand†. Aside from this, almost every celebrity has the same body type. A small or fat woman would consequently mean that she is not conforming to society’s image of beauty, which therefore automatically makes her ugly. With all of these images, it is no wonder why millions of girls from different parts of the world accept the idea that in order to be beautiful, one should look like a cover girl or a celebrity. This also means that buying that certain skin care line or wearing the same brand of clothes would automatically transform them as they conform to the idea of beauty as well as their identity. In a report which studied the consumption patterns of youth, consumers regard consumption not as a mode of cultural activity, but rather as a rationalized process of fulfilling their desires. This means that a number of individuals actually believe that buying a product will fulfill their desire to look a certain way. Since their idea of perfection is duly represented by images of stunning models and celebrities, their pursuit of what is perfect can only be realized by using the same products or items that these models endorse. Although these ideals of perfection somehow give directions to the consumers, the truth is the images presented are first and foremost unattainable. More often than not, the audience is oblivious to the fact that the images they see, both on screen and on print, has already undergone a process of â€Å"editing† in order to make it even more perfect. The idea of beauty did not used to be boxed up with the idea of being skinny. In fact, during the prehistoric times, women are portrayed not as a wafer thin woman but rather as a full-bodied female with breasts, hips, abdomen, and thighs. The statuette called Venus of Willendorf for instance, has been revered as a goddess of beauty and fertility. Similarly, the statuette Venus of Moravany and Mal’ta are both revered because of their physical attributes. These images of beauty however, began to change as advertising emphasized the need to fit in a size two dress. This is particularly used by companies who promote diet and weight -lose products. Likewise, other manufacturers and business also saw the need to create slimming pills, slimming tea, and so much more. This eventually led other manufacturers to create clothes that will emphasize a woman’s thin frame. Apart from a person’s physical attribute, a person’s lifestyle is also used as a handle by the advertising world to create a market-based image. According to the same report, more than half of the young consumers believed that the products they buy represent their identities and lifestyle in some way. For them, identities are expressed in a variety of products such as shoes, clothes, cosmetics etc. Even seemingly trivial things are supposed to express their lifestyles. For instance, 36 percent of young males answered that their choices of telephone/ mobile equipment represent in some way their identities, and 63 percent of young females think that their choices of hair salon is a representation of their identities (Report on Youth Consumption Trend, 1994, p. 114). The one hour documentary entitled â€Å"Merchants of the Cool† is perhaps one of the most scathing examinations of how popular culture and advertising are entwined together. Exactly as the title suggests â€Å"Merchants of the Cool† chronicles how the media both reflects and influences pop culture. A large amount of money is paid to â€Å"cool hunters† in order to find out what is cool and what is hip. This information is then coursed through mediums such as the television. MTV for example, pay its â€Å"cool† audiences as well as the hosts and performers to attend to their party to make it look even â€Å"cooler†. Behind all these happening, there lies a big logo of a soft drinks brand. Much like how a ventriloquist controls a puppet, it is also the same with how a company and how advertising is behind how the image of â€Å"coolness† is presented (Frontline, 2001). This construction of a sense of identity, according to British sociologist Robert Bocock (1993), can be seen as a process which may make use of items of consumption such as clothing, footwear, popular music or sporting activities, including being a supporter of particular music groups, singers or soccer clubs. Such consumption patterns could be used as a central means of defining who is a member and who is outside a specific group. It is through material items that eventually determine an individual’s social group, which then ultimately gives him or her identity. A brand is a powerful tool that associates commodities with consumers because it symbolizes various elements of the product so that consumers have relative liberty in finding the association between their identities and commodities. The visual images, even the endorser of the brand also plays a crucial role in alluring the consumer to believe that by purchasing this product, you will become like me or that you will be popular or will have an identity like mine (Bocock, 1993, p. 4). However, the more important question is how does an individual associate his or her identity through the purchase of a certain brand or a certain product? The research mentioned above illustrates the characteristic mentality of a young consumer. â€Å"I do not care about what other people choose. I think of design as an important consideration when I choose things,† and my choices of commodities express a part of my personality.† This statement underlines the prevalent belief that the freedom of choice of the consumer leads to the expression of his or her identity. In other words, since it is the choice of the individual that made him or her wear this particular pair of shoes, this particular pair then represents the identity of the individual who made the decision. Representative form of their self-identities derives from the individual level; individual consumers make a decision by themselves to buy things in order to express their own identities (Hattori, 1997, p.10).